Project Description
Teaching urban intervention, learning to see the city anew
Published in Madrid on 7 May 2011
A look at the accumulated experience of six years of teaching site-specific intervention, a summary of the limits and potential of the practice, and of the different ways it can help enrich the personal perspectives of students of diverse profiles.
Although uncommissioned public art, often referred to as street art, has been around for more than four decades, it’s only now being wholly assimilated by society and by the art system, and researched in depth by academia.
The most subtle and constructive discipline in street art can easily be seen to be site-specific intervention. Going beyond the graphic, identity-based, serial endeavours of graffiti and of most street art, it consists of independent and anonymous works. Each of them is product of a process in which the artist studies the physical and social aspects of a particular location, and, based on this observation, generates an action that adds elements to the landscape or modifies existing ones. It consists, therefore, in a dialogue between the artist and the context.
The most subtle and constructive discipline in street art can easily be seen to be site-specific intervention.
Apart from my academic education in fine arts, I’ve practised different forms of graffiti and street art since they started to appear in Spain during the 1980s, and therefore know their praxis and scenes from first-hand experience. Because of this double background, I was commissioned to teach a yearly class about graffiti and street art, which is part of the bachelor’s degree of the fine arts faculty I work in. The class is part lectures, in which I teach students to differentiate and appreciate the varied currents in the field, and part workshop, in which the students develop a site-specific intervention project. This experience has led me to teach workshops elsewhere that follow a similar, but reduced, structure.
Because the term street art has no clear meaning, and is often used to refer to very different practices, it is necessary to start by proposing a brief taxonomical structure. We are, first of all, in the field of public art. Here we understand public art as that art that takes place in the street, or anywhere else outside of the spaces where one expects to see art – that is, the gallery, the museum or any other white cube. Many works of public art happen unofficially, without approval from the entities that control public space. That kind of production can be referred to as independent public art, as opposed to official public art.
The huge difference between official and independent public art lies in the necessary methodology of each. Official public artists get permissions and budgets, but at the cost of having to reshape their messages in order to pass official filters, and of having to deal with impossibly long bureaucratic processes. Independent public artists need to pay for their own tools, and their practice is never fully permitted so they need to work covertly and use lightweight materials of an ephemeral nature, but they can put out their message with no external selection or filtering, as soon as they decide they want to.
Most independent public art is graffiti, the game of repeatedly writing a name, be it in the form of a simple signature or a huge, elaborate mural. This tradition was created in the early seventies by children and adolescents in the subways of New York, and was exported worldwide in the eighties. Graffiti has very clearly defined methodological rules and a fixed, cryptic visual vocabulary, and is practised to attain the respect of fellow practitioners, while the rest of the passers-by — who have to see it but cannot understand it — are simply ignored as an audience. Inspired by the energy and immediacy of graffiti, young art students of the eighties and subsequent decades have taken their imagery outdoors in the kind of serial, identity-based art most people identify with the street art label. As opposed to graffiti writers, these artists use a wide and heterogeneous range of languages and methodologies, and aim to communicate with the general public.
The huge difference between official and independent public art lies in the necessary methodology of each.
Site-specific intervention would be a different, context-based form of art. It is much less widely practised than graffiti or identity-based street art, but comparatively visible in the specialised media. In a site-specific intervention, each piece originates from a particular context, and comments on it in some way. Even though graffiti and serial street art always, to some degree, react to the space they appear in, their identity-based nature causes most of the creativity to revolve around the artist’s own contribution. The practice of site-specific intervention, instead, freed from the use of any identity, focuses exclusively on the context. The resulting pieces are, necessarily, of very diverse nature.
Many intervention artists started out practising the peer-acceptance, adolescent game of graffiti, then started to consider the general public as an audience and experimented with identity-based street art, to eventually dispense with any self-referential graphic identity. This progressive turn from the self to the social seems to run parallel to the maturing process from kid to adult.
After six years of teaching furtive site-specific intervention, the practice has proved to be an invaluable tool for students to shape their personal vision, and a way to encourage their social involvement. It makes students look at their surroundings –both physical and social– in a new light, ask themselves about the conventional meanings and uses of urban elements, and generate a response that enriches the environment in some way.
The practice of uncommissioned public art carries a social responsibility with it, which is a key aspect here. Because the workshops are held by institutions, the students have, of course, to limit themselves to actions that cause only temporary and very limited property damage, if any at all. But the motivations to limit the scope of possible actions go far beyond legal needs, and stem from ethical principles instead. The core idea is that public space is everyone’s personal space, and to act in it is to interfere in it, without anyone having asked for it. It is therefore essential that interventions are never invasive and always socially constructive.
As good an educational principle as this obviously is, there was an initial fear of it being a cause of detriment to the possibilities of the workshop. The limitations have, however, proved –as limitations often do– to be an endless spur for resourcefulness and creativity. But even more important is the fact that they channel the student’s attention back into the context again: being denied the use of most additive materials such as paint – which often come up as the easy way to give form to an idea in public space – the student is compelled to inspect the context more closely, in search of a way to produce the intervention within the proposed limits. In light of the results, the students have so far made clear that there is an endless amount of possibilities within the limits of a creative involvement with common space that is not subject to control, but is socially responsible.
The quality of the artistic product is of secondary importance here. It is the process that has to be up to the proposed standards.
It is often the case that students, after being exposed to the different forms of unofficial public art during lectures, propose identity-based projects: plans for propagating outdoors a certain image or images they have come up with. Because their education – like everyone else’s – includes an enormous consumption of advertising, it is only natural that they tend to think in identity-based, propagation-based terms. It is the tutor’s role here to make the students start by listening to the context. An approximate rule would be: if the piece can be installed in different locations without the locations clearly affecting the meaning of the piece, then not enough re-evaluation of and dialogue with the context is taking place, and the project is, therefore, not taking full advantage of the potential of the workshop.
This link with the context doesn’t, however, have to take the form of a very literal or explicit comment. Instead, it can consist in a subtle formal or conceptual relation. There only needs to exist some evidence that whatever the student has come up with is the result of a process of observation that has brought him into some degree of intimacy with the context. As a matter of fact, the quality of the artistic product is of secondary importance here. It is the process that has to be up to the proposed standards, because it is in the quality of the process, not of the product, that the educational potential lies. This has led to widening the scope of acceptable kinds of artwork to include pieces that refrain from actually intervening in the context, and that consist only of photography and video, or any other way of gathering documentation from the context.
Through six years of experience, it has become clear that this exercise can be a real eye-opener for students. The effects vary widely depending on the students’ profiles, but there is a common experience of learning to see the city anew in some way, of being able to adopt new, even radically new, points of view about the whole of public space, and, by extension, about life in general. It is very gratifying to teach people who wouldn’t ever have thought about intervening in their own environment, as is the case of most middle-aged people and most people of conservative profiles, because, most often, they have never allowed themselves to take an alternative look at their own daily environment, and therefore the potential of the exercise is particularly deep for them.
At the opposite end of the spectrum, there are other students who have plenty of experience of the street – often because of their participation in some street subculture, and who have already developed alternative views on it. Graffiti writers are the students who best exemplify this case, as the practice of graffiti involves understanding and intensely living the physical landscape of the city in a radically unconventional way. Nevertheless, as rich as those alternative perspectives can be, they are of course limited in their own ways. The workshop is, therefore, also effective for students of this profile, who not only find illuminating viewpoints, but also get the chance to reflect upon their own activity – something wholly absent in the culture of graffiti, and to experiment with more intellectual communication tactics.
Among the most valuable changes I have seen happen in the students is an increased awareness and nonconformity regarding the issues of public space. This is very necessary, given that the politics of public space in many big cities are getting farther away from any human-centred model, and tend towards car-centred structures, privatisation and control: control of public space, as in pervasive CCTV cameras; privatisation of usable public space, as in parking meters, and the outdoor cafeteria tables that appear where public benches used to be; and privatisation of visual space, as in ubiquitous outdoor advertising.
In order to further enrich the potential of the experience, I regularly publish on my website selections of the pieces produced in my university class and in workshops elsewhere. There have been plenty of positive reviews from publications worldwide, both digital and printed, and some works have appeared in mainstream books. The fundamental reward, nevertheless, both for me and for the many students I’ve had the pleasure to share the experiment with, lies in the numerous things we’ve learned about our own urban space.
As the theories of the Situationists and of many others have described, the oppresive social, architectural and urbanistic structures we live among tend to mechanise our way of navigating the city, while the prevalence of outdoor advertising and signage makes our receptors grow protective filters that further mechanise our experience of public space. The practice of urban intervention is an exercise in liberating oneself from such conditioning, a shift from the functional and the inert to the unexpected and, above all, the magical.